River Oaks is an affluent community located in the geographic center of Houston, Texas, United States. Located within the 610 Loop and between Downtown and Uptown, the community spans 1,100 acres (450 ha).[1] Established in the 1920s by brothers William and Michael Hogg, the community became a well-publicized national model for community planning. River Oaks is considered to be one of the wealthiest communities in Texas and has one of the wealthiest zip codes in the United States.[2] Real estate values in the community range from $1 to over $20 million.[3] The community is home to River Oaks Country Club, which includes a golf facility designed by architect Donald Ross.
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William and Michael Hogg, the sons of former Texas Governor Jim Hogg, and attorney Hugh Potter established River Oaks in the 1920s.[1] Potter obtained an option to purchase 200 acres (81 ha) around the River Oaks Country Club in 1923, and in the following year William Hogg established the Country Club Estates in order to support the development of the community.[4] The two brothers promoted the sale of lots in the subdivision for $2,200 apiece in 1928.[5] The brothers, along with sister Ima Hogg, oversaw the construction of Bayou Bend, a stately southern-style home on the banks of Buffalo Bayou.
The development plans ensured that River Oaks's parks and esplanades were planted with oaks, shrubs, azaleas and other flowers. Every detail of the development was planned to establish a well-integrated community.[6] Advertised as a "distinguished experiment in fine living," River Oaks became a national model for community planning.[7] River Oaks' planning standards, residential architecture, and landscape design were publicized during the 1920s and 1930s in national newspapers, real estate media and design journals.[8] Deed restrictions at the time restricted home prices to over $7,000 and specified architectural styles, with a gentlemen's agreement excluding blacks, Jews, and other minorities.[1] Homes along Kirby Drive were restricted to American Colonial or English Tudor style architecture.[5]
During the 1920s, River Oaks was so effectively organized, planned and restricted that it became the most expensive neighborhood in Houston.[10] The City of Houston annexed the community in 1927, adding 3,465 acres (1,402 ha) of land to the city limits.[11] Bus service to Downtown Houston opened during the same year. After the start of the Great Depression 300 families lived in River Oaks. After World War II River Oaks became predominately of upper class residents.[12] After World War II as Houston experienced its greatest growth, River Oaks would become a haven for the wealthy of the city, and the middle classes and below had to look elsewhere for affordable housing.[13]
River Oaks has been the subject matter of scholarly studies, primarily because its significant contributions to Houston's history and development as an elite suburban community.[14] The community was the site of the 1972 murder of Dr. John Hill (later described in Thomas Thompson's novel, Blood and Money) and the 1997 murder of Doris Angleton.[15] River Oaks was the home of Jeff Skilling before he began serving his 25 year sentence in a prison in Minnesota for his involvement in the Enron scandal.[16][17]
The River Oaks Garden Club Forum of Civics, located in Upper Kirby, is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the "Forum of Civics" on October 13, 1988.[18][19] Formerly a county schoolhouse, the building is currently the administrative center for the River Oaks Garden Club.[20]
In 2011 Bloomberg Businessweek ranked River Oaks as the seventh most expensive housing blocks in the United States.[21]
Located within the 610 Loop and halfway between Downtown and Uptown, River Oaks spans 1,100 acres (450 ha). The community is located in a region bounded on the north by Buffalo Bayou, on the east by South Shepherd Drive, on the west by Willowick Road, and on the south by Westheimer Road. River Oaks is located northeast of Uptown, north of the Upper Kirby district, west of Neartown, and is near to the freeway system and many major thoroughfares such as Westheimer Road, Kirby Drive and San Felipe Street.
River Oaks Boulevard, a road that runs through the center of the community, is lined on both sides by mansions and estates located away from the street. The two square mile (5.2 m2) area of the subdivision comprises approximately 1,400 homes, mostly detached single family homes.[22]
River Oaks is within the Houston Super Neighborhood #23 Afton Oaks/River Oaks, a division of the City of Houston that includes River Oaks and some surrounding subdivisions. In 2000 the Super Neighborhood had 14,313 residents; 12,273 of them (85.74%) were non-Hispanic Whites. 1,160 (8.1%) were Hispanic, 390 (2.72%) were Asian, 247 (1.72%) were Black, 18 were Native American, 13 were Native Hawaiian, and 23 were non-Hispanic others. 189 people were of two or more races.[23]
According to the United States census[24] in 2000, of the 12,088 residents over 18 years of age, 10,390 (85.95%) were non-Hispanic White. 945 (7.81%) were Hispanic, 353 (2.92%) were Asian, 205 (1.7%) were Black, 17 were Native American, 8 were Native Hawaiian, and 22 were non-Hispanic other. 148 were of two or more races.[23]
The super neighborhood had 8,169 housing units. Of the 7,401 occupied units, 3,573 were rental units and 3,828 were owner units. The Super Neighborhood had 3,518 families with a total of 9,521 individuals. Afton Oaks/River Oaks Super Neighborhood had a lower average family size than the average City of Houston family size. The Afton Oaks/River Oaks average was 2.71, while the city average was 3.39.[23]
River Oaks is considered to be one of the wealthiest communities in Texas, and has one of the wealthiest zip codes in the United States.[2] Residents are predominantly successful professionals, and real estate values range from $1 million to over $20 million.[25][26]
Adjacent to the community is the River Oaks Shopping Center, Houston's first shopping center, located in the Neartown community.[27] Constructed in 1927 and designed by architect Hugh Prather, the center, originally known as River Oaks Community Center, was one of the first automobile-oriented retail centers in the United States. Its design, with arcs of retail space on either side of West Gray Avenue, was considered a model for future development.[9][28][29] Portions of the historic shopping center were demolished in September 2007 to redevelop the site for a bookstore and parking garage. As of 2008, Landmark Theatres operates the River Oaks Theatre, an "arthouse" theater, located in the center. The theater is the last historic movie theater in Houston that is still being used as it was originally designed.[30]
River Oaks is home to the forty-member River Oaks Chamber Orchestra. The orchestra is composed of musicians from around the United States and guest conductors from around the world.[31] The training facilities for the Houston Ballet and its pre-professional school, the Ben Stevenson Academy, are located on West Gray, east of the River Oaks Shopping Center. In 2010 Ruthie Johnson of the Houston Press said "It's not surprising that one of the most exclusive zip codes in the country has some pretty fantastic food -- but rest assured that the 'hood isn't all iced tea and crumpets."[32]
River Oaks Country Club, located within the community on the northern end of River Oaks Boulevard, is a country club that includes a golf facility that was designed by architect Donald Ross. Ross is considered to be one of the most significant golf course designers in the history of golfing. Opening in 1923, the country club has hosted the River Oaks International Tennis Tournament since 1931.[33] The Houston Intown Chamber of Commerce assists economic activity in River Oaks.[34]
Several municipal parks serve River Oaks. River Oaks Park and the River Oaks Community Center, operated by the City of Houston, is located at 3600 Locke Lane.[35] River Oaks Park includes a quarter mile (.402336 kilometer) off-road trail located within the park's boundaries, tennis courts, a playground, and a lighted sports ground.[36] On June 24, 1999, the River Oaks Property Owners, Inc. entered an agreement with the City of Houston; ROPO agreed to maintain and upgrade parks and esplanades in River Oaks. ROPO also has the right to spend its own funds to improve them.[37] Municipal parks assisted by ROPO include Del Monte Park, Mary Elliot Park, Ella Lee Park,[38] Homewood Park, Kirby Park, Rebecca Meyer Park,[39] Olympia Park, Pine Valley Park, and Sleepy Hollow Park.[40][41]
The Houston Independent School District (HISD) operates the public schools serving River Oaks.[42] The community is within Trustee District VII, represented by Harvin C. Moore as of 2009.[43][44]
The attendance boundaries of River Oaks Elementary School,[45] Lanier Middle School,[46] and Lamar High School include River Oaks.[47][48][49] Lanier opened in 1926, River Oaks Elementary opened in 1929, and Lamar opened in 1937.[50] Between 1986 and 1996, River Oaks Elementary School only admitted magnet school students from other areas of the city. The community was divided between the attendance zones of Wilson Elementary School (opened in 1925) and the now closed Will Rogers Elementary School (opened in 1950, closed in summer 2006).[50] In 1995, several River Oaks parents petitioned HISD to re-establish the neighborhood program at River Oaks Elementary School which allows non-magnet students residing in the school's boundaries to attend. Some magnet parents opposed, believing that the River Oaks program would reduce racial diversity at the school.[51][52][53][54] In fall 1996, HISD added a neighborhood program to the school for grades Kindergarten through 2, with grades 3 through 5 phased in over a subsequent three-year period.[55]
Crockett Early Childhood Center is the closest public early childhood center to River Oaks, while Wilson Elementary School's preschool program is the closest tuition-based program.[56][57] Only economically disadvantaged students, homeless students, students who are not proficient in English, or children of active-duty members of the U.S. military or whose parent has been killed, injured, or missing in action while on active duty may be enrolled in tuition-free HISD preschools. Students who are eligible for HISD's preschools may attend any Early Childhood Center in Houston ISD for free. Students not eligible may enroll in tuition-based HISD preschool programs.[57]
Several independent (private) schools serve the community.[48] Since the 1970s and by 1995, most of the children in River Oaks were sent to private schools.[52] Catholic schools, operated by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston, include St. Thomas High School (9-12, males only, north of River Oaks along the north edge of the Buffalo Bayou) and St. Anne Catholic School (K-8, between River Oaks and Neartown).[58] Other private schools in the area and private schools marketed to River Oaks families include St. John's School (K–12, in Upper Kirby),[48] Annunciation Orthodox School (K-8, in the Neartown area), River Oaks Baptist School (K-8, in River Oaks),[48] Episcopal High School (9-12, Bellaire),[48] The Kinkaid School in (Piney Point Village).[48] In 2006 St. Anne Catholic School received the Blue Ribbon Award.[59]
River Oaks is within the Houston Community College System boundaries. The closest campuses are the Central Campus in Midtown and the West Loop Center. Four-year universities and colleges in close proximity to River Oaks include University of St. Thomas in Neartown and Rice University in the Houston Museum District.
The community is served by the Adele B. Looscan Branch of Houston Public Library. The current Looscan Branch building opened in September 2007. The former Americans with Disabilities Act non-compliant library, which was established in 1956, closed on August 27, 2005 and was demolished in February 2006.[60]
The previous Looscan branch had around 61,000 visitors in the fiscal year 2005. The original plans for Looscan called for the library to get a 5.37 million renovation. An Upper Kirby group proposed a new site near the Upper Kirby YMCA. Around that period the group Friends for Neighborhood Libraries began raising funds.[61] The replacement library, with a cost of $6.2 million, had twice the staff and two and one half times the size of the previous facility. Friends of Neighborhood Libraries had raised one million dollars in four months, and around 2.5 million in total to help fund the new library; the group spent about 30,000 dollars for the expenses.[62] The 21,000 square feet (2,000 m2) library, designed by Jackson & Ryan Architects, houses over 60,000 books and is the first city LEED-certified facility. It includes a 120 seat multipurpose meeting room and a 14 seat private conference room. The library has several reading areas, including the Marsha Moody Children's Reading Room, a teenager reading area, and a periodical reading area. The exterior was designed to match visual cues of buildings in the surrounding area, such as the River Oaks Baptist Church and School. The Emily Scott and Joseph Wood Evans Clock Tower, a part of the library's exterior, includes a garden book archive and works of art.[63]
The River Oaks Buzz is a monthly magazine mailed free of charge to all residents. The River Oaks Buzz is about people, products and services in the community. The Houston Chronicle is the area's regional newspaper. On Thursdays, residents receive the Bellaire/West U/River Oaks/Meyerland section, which covers events specific to the covered neighborhoods.[64] The River Oaks Examiner[65] and Village News are local newspapers distributed in the community.
Houston Fire Department operates Station 3 River Oaks at 3735 West Alabama at Cummins, near River Oaks.[66] The fire station is in Fire District 28.[67] Station 3 moved to its current location in 1958. The station underwent a renovation in 2003 and 2004 and re-opened in the northern hemisphere spring of 2004.[66] The community is within the Houston Police Department's Central Patrol Division,[68] headquartered at 61 Riesner.[69] River Oaks has one of the lowest crime rates in Houston.[70]
The River Oaks Property Owners, Inc. offices are at 3923 San Felipe Road.[71] The community operates its own private security force, River Oaks Patrol. The Texas Department of Public Safety classifies the force as a guard, alarm, and investigation company.[72] The community is within Super Neighborhood #27 and its recognized council was established on October 15, 2001.[73] Each super neighborhood represents a group of civic clubs, places of worship, businesses, and other institutions and community interests.[74] River Oaks is a part of the Houston City Council District G.[75]
River Oaks is within Harris County Precinct 4.[76] As of 2008 Jerry Eversole is the precinct's County Commissioner.[77] River Oaks is in Justice of the Peace/Constable Precinct One. As of 2008 Jack Abercia is the constable.[78]
River Oaks is located in District 134 of the Texas House of Representatives. Beginning in 2011, Sarah Davis, a Republican, will represent the district after defeating incumbent Ellen Cohen (D) in the November 2010 election.[79] River Oaks is within District 13 of the Texas Senate.[80] As of 2008 its state Senator is Rodney Ellis.
The community is within Texas's 7th congressional district.[81] As of 2008 the representative is John Culberson. The United States Post Office (USPS) operates the River Oaks Post Office at 1900 West Gray Street in Neartown,[9] supporting the zip codes 77027, and 77019.[82] The post office sits on a 109,159 square feet (10,141.2 m2) property with a gross building area of 18,098 square feet (1,681.4 m2).[83] In addition the Julius Melcher Post Office is near River Oaks.[84] In January 2009 the USPS announced that it will put the River Oaks Post Office property up for sale.[83] In October of that year the USPS announced that it, for now, will not sell the River Oaks and Melcher post offices.[84]
Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas (METRO) operates bus services in River Oaks. Lines serving River Oaks include 3 Langley/West Gray, 18 Kirby Limited, 35 Fairview, 73 Bellfort Crosstown, and 82 Westheimer.[85][86][87][88]
